Steam turbine how steam energy works turbinegenerator. Producing mechanical work by expanding it in steam engine or steam turbine. Steam enters the main turbine at the high pressure turbine through the turbine stop throttle and control governor valves. Turbines can be condensing or noncondensing, depending on whether the back pressure is below or equal to the atmospheric pressure. First of all you should understand that there are many types and nomenclature of boilers. In a reaction turbine, there is a second set of stationary blades attached to the inside of the turbine case. Turbine is a rotary engine that converts the energy of a moving stream of water, steam, or gas into mechanical energy. Efficiency will depend on turbine size or rotor diameter, blade geometries, speed, extreme condition of steam and other losses. A crosssection of the turbine is shown in figure 7. The campbell diagram can be generated from machine design criteria or from machine operating data. Numbered consistently with turbine torque fractions and mass numbers. According to the newtons second law of motion,the direction of force in the blades, work done in the direction of motion of the blades, mathematically, axial thrust on the wheel is the velocity difference between inlet and outlet steams flow. Marine steam turbines as a m ain engine can be classified in two groups.
Unlike with reciprocating engines, for instance, compression, heating and expansion are continuous and. Chaplin encyclopedia of life support systems eolss both of these have double casings with the exhaust steam circulating in the annular space between the casings as in the case of the high pressure turbine. Stainless steel partitions reduce corrosion on packing cases pyr model only trip body allows for easier trip speed adjustment. Pdf power plant lecture notes chapter4 steam turbine. Application guide steam turbines d352219x012 august 20 steam turbines this guide provides an overview of the control valve applications associated with steam turbines. One the threshold is exceeded, automatic trip of turbine takes place. The picture shows combined velocity triangle of steam turbine.
The main parts are the compressor, combustor, and the turbine. Depending on these three primary inputs there are three basic flow circuits work on a thermal power generating plant. A simplified diagram of such a gas turbine is shown in figure 2. These powerful workhorses provide exceptional value and performance in a broad range of mechanical and power generation applications, around the clock and around the globe. Turbine governor models standard dynamic turbine governor systems in neplan power system analysis tool. Applications of steam turbines power generation transport 4. Approval issue module 2347 the turbine governing system.
It has almost completely replaced the reciprocating piston steam engine primarily because of its greater thermal efficiency and higher powertoweight ratio. Steam turbine basic parts mechanical engineering site. In its simplest form, a steam turbine consist of a boiler steam generator, turbine, condenser, feed pump and a variety of auxiliary devices. We work to assess and address specific application needs so we can specify and develop a turbine system package that meets and exceeds goals and expectations, and offers flexibility for future needs. Condensate entrapment in the steam supply increases turbine steam rates, reduces the steam turbine efficiency, and causes erosion of steam turbine components governor valves, blading, and nozzles. Turbine supervisory instrument tsi instrumentation and. Recent technologies for steam turbines fuji electric. As a power plant it is confessedly useless, but the making of it. Maintenance and overhaul of steam turbines wgp42 05. The turbine s performance, as well as the performance of each component within the turbine, is dependent upon the operating interrelationship between internal components and the total operating systems. Turbines in ohio, kentucky and indiana lathrop trotter. For small units without reheat, the steam turbine may consist of a single turbine when the steam expanding through the turbine exhausts to a condenser or a process line.
Tsi aims at monitor safe and reasonable steam turbine operation. This paper deals with some of the challenges in the dynamic analysis and field balancing of the w501d gas turbine generator system currently used in a number of utilities. Re in the event that it bewmes necessary to return any part of this equipment to the south philadelphia works, it should be tagged with the senders name and address. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. In the diagram below we see a simplified example of how a steam energy turbine works. Superheated steam and steam phase diagram electrical4u. The former control the flow to ensure that the appropriate amount of. Please note that this is a generic tool developed by the us department of energy, and that more precise results for elliott steam turbine generators with controlled andor uncontrolled extractions can be provided by contacting elliott. A steam turbine locomotive engine is a steam locomotive driven by a steam turbine. In principle they are far simpler than cylinder engines, steam being merely directed at a suitable angle on to specially shaped vanes attached to a revolving drum and shaft. Reaction turbine blading and conditions figure 3 shows, at the top, the end view of four stages of fixed and moving blades of an.
Pdf lecture 27 model steam turbine gov system abdul. Model steam turbines steam turbines have come very much to the fore during recent years, especially for marine propulsion. A new task have been assigned to me from the department of mechanical engineering after the approval of its scientific committee to be a senior tutor of computational fluid dynamics cfd major. Earlier steam turbine generating units had an inherent grounding. Westillghouse turbines for mechanical drivetype amd instruction book 5488 rev.
Chaplin encyclopedia of life support systems eolss conditions in turbine blades can be conveniently visualized and analyzed by drawing vector diagrams of the fluid velocities. Introduction in recent years, environmental measures such as for reducing co2 emissions have been implemented on a global scale. Dynamic analysis and field balancing of 100 mw utility gas. Learning how a wind turbine works is easy as long as you first make sure to know how a turbine generator works the diagram of the wind turbine above is a side view of a horizontal axis wind turbine with the turbine blades on the left. Steam turbine steam system encyclopedia of life support. A ge gas turbine is a fully integrated design consisting of stationary and rotating mechanical, fluid, thermal, and electrical systems. Abb offers a comprehensive suite of steam turbine automation solutions, regardless of the turbine oem, for applications ranging from a 100 kw single stage turbine to a 1200 mw nuclear power plant turbine. Unit iii unit iii steam nozzles and turbines flow of steam through nozzles, shapes of nozzles, effect of friction, critical pressure ratio,supersaturated flow. A steam turbine is a mechanical device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam, and converts it into rotary motion. When ge conducts your performance tests, you gain the high level engineering expertise of a trusted name in the power generation industry. Flow diagram of a steam thermal power plant electrical4u. Industrial steam turbines baker hughes, a ge company.
Ge currently conducts over 400 thermal performance tests each year, on gas turbine, steam turbine, and combined cycle power plants from all manufacturers. In an extracting type turbine, steam is released from variousin an extracting type turbine, steam is released from various stages of the turbine, and used for industrial process needs or sentstages of the turbine, and used for industrial process needs or sent to boiler feed water heater to. Impulse and reaction principles, compounding, velocity diagrams for simple and multistage turbines, speed regulationsgovernors and nozzle governors. Then the both, nozzle and throttle governing are calculated with two different mass flow than nominal flow. In this lesson, i will discuss the parts, working, efficiency, advantages, disadvantages of a francis turbine, and also give you the pdf. The current w501d model represents a power enhancement over the earlier westinghouse 70 mw units which have been in service for many years. Steam turbines are one of the most versatile and oldest prime mover technologies still in general production used to drive a generator or mechanical machinery. Steam extraction and admission of turbine in applications, when required, steam can be extracted from turbine before steam flowing.
Blade seals are used to prevent the steam leakage between the diaphragm and the shaft. Thermal power plants steam turbine components and systems r. The real values of critical speeds should be measured at. Steam consumption steam consumption of steam turbine is depending to required output power and efficiency of the turbine. Elec0047 power system dynamics, control and stability turbines and speed governors. The first steam turbine rail locomotive was built in 1908 for the officine meccaniche miani silvestri grodona comi, milan, italy. The condensing steam turbine is a conventional steam turbine in which the steam exiting the turbine exhaust is condensed to provide the maximum energy capture. In 1924 krupp built the steam turbine locomotive t18 001, operational in. Mathematical model for digital simulation of steam turbine. Pdf power plant lecture notes chapter2 steam power.
Definition a steam turbine is a prime mover in which the potential energy of the steam is transformed into kinetic energy and later in its turn is transformed into the mechanical energy of rotation of the turbine shaft. Velocity diagram of simple impulse turbine, various performance parameters. The first steam turbine used for power generation was invented in 1884. The back work ratio of a gas turbine improves as a result of intercooling and reheating. Turbines are classified as hydraulic, or water, turbines, steam turbines, or gas turbines. Turbine product line that also includes large units for fossil, nuclear and combined cycle applications. For a large unit without reheat, the steam may expand through an initial section and then exhaust to a condenser or to a process. Superheated steam finds its application in steam power plants for the generation of electrical power. Ts diagram for an ideal gas turbine cycle with intercooling, reheating, and regeneration. Dynamic analysis of a steam turbine blade in computational environment is carried. The turbine is coupled to the shaft of a generator which generates electrical power as the output of the system.
Our capability in the areas of mechanicalhydraulic design and condition monitoring complements our vast array of. A steam turbine consists of a rotor resting on bearings and enclosed in a cylindrical casing. Types of steam turbine an overview sciencedirect topics. There have been numerous causes of steam turbine failures worldwide. The basic element in a turbine is a wheel or rotor with addles, propellers, blades, or buckets arranged on its circumference in such a fashion that the moving fluid exerts a tangential force that turns the wheel. Steam passes through the normally open intercept valves, passes through the iow pressure turbine, and is then exhausted to the condenser at approximately 5 kpaa, 35c and 10%.
Chaplin encyclopedia of life support systems eolss figure 4. In the case of condensing steam turbine to prevent the air ingression at the shaft seal by gland condenser and ejector arrangementsas per api 612. Elec0047 power system dynamics, control and stability. The following addresses best practices for optimal steam system turbine maintenance and operation. Siemens steam turbines of the sst6000 series are widely operated in steam power plants with a power output up to 1,200 mw and net plant efficiencies of more than 46 percent. In general, a steam turbine is a rotary heat engine that converts thermal energy contained in the steam to mechanical energy or to electrical energy. Below is a typical steam boiler diagram for dummys to understand with name of each component or boiler part. Unesco eolss sample chapters thermal power plants vol. This is the type of steam turbine that will be used in a bottoming cycle chp plant in which waste heat or energy from an industrial process is used to raise steam to generate electricity. The turbine should spin with the water, and the weight of the. Above 600 rpm rotor relative vibrations should be monitored.
Operation and maintenance schedule of a steam turbine. Steam turbine generator shaft grounding principles historically, the problems and solutions to electrostatic and magnetically induced voltages on the steam turbine generator shafts of the test utilitys steam electric stations have been a continuous one. Demand for more efficient thermal power has also intensified than ever. Turbine trains of the sst6000 series consist of a high pressure turbine, an intermediatepressure turbine, and up to three lowpressure turbines for 50 and 60 hz.
Operation and maintenance schedule of a steam turbine plant. The differential of the superheated steam energy between the turbine inlet and outlet causes the turbine rotor to turn. Combined heat and power technology fact sheets series. See more ideas about steam turbine, abandoned factory and industrial photography.
The thermal energy of the steam is converted to mechanical energy in the high pressure turbine, and the steam is exhausted to the moisture separator reheaters. Draw vertical line from b1 and horizontal line from a. It is a middle range machine with maximum sustained output of 43mw. Tsi shows and records the starting and status processes of various parts in the turbine generator with real time during operation and also transfers signals to computers and data loggers. These help to speed up and direct the steam onto the rotating blades at just the right angle, before the steam dissipates with reduced temperature and pressure. Today turbine powered generators produce most of the worlds electrical energy. Thus a steam turbine could be viewed as a complex series of windmilllike arrangements, all assembled on the same shaft.
Despite efforts to develop alternative energy converters, electricity from steam will continue, for many years, to provide the power that energizes the united states and world economies. The rotor is turned by steam impinging against attached vanes or blades on which it exerts a force in the tangential direction. Steam boiler diagram with parts for dummys electrical. And finally the third part is practical one, in it the start point is a rankine cycle used in a plant working at nominal load. The initial turbine is designated as the highpressure hp turbine and. A typical campbell diagram plot is shown in figure 525. In a fashion similar to the emergency stop valves, these valves shut offsteam to the lp turbine in an emergency. Kaplan turbine is an axial reaction flow turbine and has adjustable blades if water flows parallel to the axis of the rotation of the shaft, the turbine is known as the axial flow turbine and if the head of the inlet of the turbine is the sum of pressure energy and kinetic energy during the flow of water through a runner a part of pressure energy is converted into kinetic energy, the. The first is steam tu rbines with reduction gears or turbo alternatorg enerator and the second is steam turbine as a main. Higher efficiency is also being required of steam turbines, which are a mature energy conversion.
Coppus steam turbines for over 80 years coppus steam turbines have been recognized around the world as rugged, versatile drive solutions for lube oil pumps, feed water pumps, fans, generators and other mechanical drive applications. The campbell diagram is an overall or birdseye view of regional vibration excitation that can occur on an operating system. How to make your own model of a water turbine sciencing. Chaplin encyclopedia of life support systems eolss the flow of high pressure steam entering the turbine is controlled by governor valves and stop valves. Mathematical model for digital simulation of steam turbine set dynamics and online turbine load distribution institute of heat engineering, warsaw university of technology, nowowiejska 25, 00665 warsaw, poland abstract the general structure and purposes of the distributed control systems dcs are reminded in. Steam quality steam must be of the highest quality. In steam turbines, superheated steam enters at one end and exit from the other end into the condenser may be of water or air cooled type. Steam turbine 1 content chapter description page i purpose 2 ii steam turbine types 2 2. Turbines in real plant are often in several stages and the last stage is specially designed to cope with water droplets in the steam that becomes wet as it gives up its energy. Lathrop trotter is the source for gas and steam turbines, turbine generator sets, and combined heat and power solutions. Thus, the reliability of these blades is very important for the successful operation of a steam turbine. A very simple turbine we will begin with a very simple contrivance, shown in figure 67. Windmills that generate electricity are known as wind turbines.
1004 1138 1439 848 482 804 102 1337 14 496 1485 1510 1166 306 1209 264 951 1202 236 882 668 123 229 156 14 1452 1017 292 484 292 588 1036 162 808 1437 572 1149 836